Lateral Projection of the Skull (Right / Left Lateral Cranium)
The Lateral View of the Skull is a foundational projection included in almost all standard cranial series. It evaluates the lateral calvarium, the anterior/middle/posterior cranial fossae, the sella turcica in profile, and the relationship between the…
PA Projection of the Skull (0° PA Baseline / Calvarium PA View)
The Posteroanterior (PA) View of the Skull (0° Central Ray) is the fundamental baseline projection for cranial radiography. Unlike the modified Caldwell projection (which uses a 15⁰ caudal tilt), the 0° PA baseline directs the X-ray beam perpendicular to…
AP Axial Projection of the Skull (Towne’s Method)
The Towne’s Projection (AP Axial Skull) is an essential specialized cranial view designed to project the dense anterior facial bones and frontal structures away, providing an unobstructed, symmetrical view of the occipital bone, foramen magnum, petrous…
Caldwell View PNS Radiography: 15° PA Axial Positioning & Anatomy
Caldwell View PNS (15° Caudad PA Axial Projection) The Caldwell View PNS (15° Caudad PA Axial Projection) is the gold-standard radiographic view designed specifically to evaluate the frontal sinuses and anterior ethmoid air cells. Directing the central…
Submentovertex (SMV) View Radiography: Skull Base & Zygomatic Positioning
The Submentovertex (SMV) View (also known as the Schüller Method or Full Base View) is an axial projection of the cranium. By hyper-extending the neck so the Infraorbitomeatal Line (IOML) is parallel to the image receptor, the central ray traverses…
Nasal Bone Lateral View X-Ray: Positioning, Technique & Anatomy
Nasal Bone Lateral View The Lateral View of the Nasal Bones is a specialized, high-resolution radiographic projection designed specifically to demonstrate the delicate nasal bones, the frontonasal suture, and the surrounding anterior nasal soft tissues…
PA Axial Mandible View X-Ray (Caldwell Method): Positioning & Notes
The PA Axial Mandible View Caldwell Method) is a specialized projection designed specifically to demonstrate the mandibular rami, coronoid processes, condylar necks, and the mandibular body in symmetry. By applying a cephalad tube angulation, the dense…
Axiolateral Oblique View of Mandible X-Ray: Positioning, Angles & Study Notes
The Axiolateral Oblique View of Mandible is an essential diagnostic projection designed to isolate and evaluate one side of the mandible in profile without superimposition from the opposite (contralateral) mandibular ramus or body. By combining specific…
Inferosuperior Zygomatic Arch X-Ray: Positioning & Jug-Handle Notes
The Inferosuperior Projection of the Zygomatic Arches X-Ray (commonly referred to as the “Jug-Handle” View or Tangential Zygomatic Arch Projection) is a specialized, low-exposure axial view designed to project the delicate, slender zygomatic…
Modified Towne’s View Zygomatic Arches: Radiographic Positioning Notes
The Modified Towne’s View (AP Axial for Zygomatic Arches) is a specialized cranial projection designed to demonstrate both zygomatic arches simultaneously in symmetry. It serves as the primary non-invasive alternative to the Submentovertex (SMV /…